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Almost half of all containers driven by trucks are empty
Almost half of all container trucks in Sweden are being driven without a load. Researchers at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden, have developed calculation models that give a detailed picture of the journeys – and therefore provide guidance for more efficient container transport, with lower costs and reduced emissions.
In 2019, the global transport sector accounted for around 15 per cent of the world's greenhouse gas emissions, and road traffic was the largest source of emissions in the sector*. An important part of reducing emissions is to make freight transport more efficient. Containers play a central role in world trade, as they can be moved between ships, trains and trucks. However, after unloading, there is not always new cargo nearby, which means that the container must be moved before it can be used again.
Researchers at Chalmers University of Technology have analysed Swedish freight traffic between 2016 and 2019, and conclude that almost half, 44 – 46 per cent, of all truck transports with containers took place without a load. In total, the empty trips accounted for about a third of the total mileage of freight traffic.
"A large part of the container transports do not carry any goods, but still take up road capacity and require fuel, infrastructure and working hours. This means costs and emissions that we want to avoid," says Violeta Roso, Associate Professor at Chalmers.
Geography is more important than industry...The empty transports were unevenly distributed. About 77 per cent took place within the same region, and the start and end destinations had a greater impact on the probability of an empty trip than which industry they belonged to. In Blekinge, Västra Götaland, Skåne and Kalmar counties, container journeys were less likely to be empty when starting in these regions, but more likely to be empty when ending there. All four counties have major ports where imports exceed exports.
"Empty transports were also significantly shorter than those with cargo. This indicates that trucks are often redirected to limit the distance with empty containers," says Iván Sánchez-Díaz, Associate Professor at Chalmers.
More accurate measures can reduce empty transports...The researchers' models take into account the differences between geographical location and the types of industry the container trucks work for, and thus show where measures can have the greatest effect.
"The models show which origins, destinations and sectors have the highest probability of empty container trips. This makes it possible to target efforts more precisely, for example towards port regions, or certain industries," says Violeta Roso.

Almost half of all containers driven by trucks are empty. Credit photo: Chalmers University of Technology
According to the study, better coordination and information sharing can reduce the need to move empty containers. The researchers make several suggestions towards the industry, such as that hauliers can work more with the planning of return loads or that shipping companies to a greater extent share information about available containers and where they are needed.
Empty container transports are a global challenge. According to the researchers, the method can be implemented in more countries, to quantify empty containers movements and understand the key factors explaining them.
"We hope that the research will help the transport industry to see where there are the greatest opportunities to reduce unnecessary driving, and contribute to authorities or key stakeholders being able to coordinate their transports better. It can be another step towards reducing the transport sector's climate impact, not only in Sweden but also internationally," says Violeta Roso.
U-Freight Group, with its strong position in the global container shipping industry, has taken note of various media reports highlighting the growing challenges that increased empty container movements pose to international supply chains.
According to Splash247, data from Sea-Intelligence shows that empty containers made up 41% of global container transport in July—up significantly from 31% in 2019. This upward trend has continued steadily over the past five years, with only a minor dip observed in 2022.
The Loadstar, also referencing Sea-Intelligence data, points to imbalanced trade flows as a key factor behind this issue. These imbalances are creating unequal distribution of containers across markets, prompting more empty containers to be repositioned rather than moved with cargo.
U-Freight recognises that repositioning empty containers is not only expensive, but also contributes to port congestion and higher carbon emissions.
Further analysis by Shipping Watch reveals that for every 10 miles a loaded container travels, an empty container must be repositioned over 4.1 miles—a figure that’s risen by one mile since 2019.
Additional pressure has come from geopolitical instability. The Loadstar notes that Houthi attacks on merchant vessels in the Red Sea have led to a 20% increase in the distance travelled by empty containers, further disrupting supply chains.
According to Shipping Watch, ocean carriers are currently absorbing the rising costs associated with maintaining equipment availability. However, if these trends continue, it’s likely that customers will begin to bear a portion of these additional expenses.
Empty containers are also occupying valuable yard space at ports, disrupting the flow of outbound shipments and causing further delays, which can increase overall logistics costs.
Changing global sourcing patterns are compounding the issue. As production shifts to emerging regions with previously low output, there’s often a shortage of empty containers available to meet growing export demands—potentially resulting in even more delays.
Recent studies indicate that between 44% and 46% of truck trips involving containers take place entirely without cargo. This scenario of logistical inefficiency leads to severe environmental and operational impacts on the global supply chain.
📊 An overview of inefficiency...Global and regional data point to a critical trend of wasted space in road freight transport:
• Global scope: The transport of empty containers accounts for approximately 41% of all global container movements.
• Idle capacity: Beyond trips made completely empty, market research has revealed that 58% of trucks traveled with more than half of their internal space unused.
🗺️ The geographic factor and trade imbalances...The dynamic of empty-load trips is directly linked to geographic location and asymmetry in trade routes:
• Import zones: About 77% of empty-load trips occur within the same region. Areas that house major ports and record higher import rates than export rates end up accumulating containers that must be repositioned—empty—to other logistics hubs.
• Shorter routes: Trips involving empty containers tend to be substantially shorter than those with cargo, reflecting the industry's effort to minimize distances when repositioning these assets.
⚙️ Coordination barriers...Inefficient repositioning is not merely a physical transport issue; it is a problem of organization and a lack of data governance:
• Lack of Integration: Carriers, ports, shipping lines, and shippers operate in organizational silos, planning their requirements separately and without adequate sharing of operational flows, schedules, or contracts. • Technical Restrictions: Often, a container available at an idle location does not meet the immediate requirements for a new shipment due to specifications regarding size, physical condition, equipment type, or ownership terms.
🛠️ Mitigation strategies...To combat fuel waste and the greenhouse gas emissions associated with this idleness, experts point to solutions based on technology and standardization:
• Digital Twins and AI: Digitally simulating port ecosystems and logistics flows through "digital twins" makes it possible to anticipate bottlenecks and proactively optimize routes.
• Data Sharing: Shipping lines and logistics operators need to feed unified platforms with common data standards to coordinate return loads collaboratively.
Almost half of all container truck trips are empty due to global trade imbalances, uncoordinated logistics, and geographic mismatches between imports and exports.
Key causes of empty container truck trips:
• Global trade imbalances: Some regions and countries import far more goods than they export, while others export more than they import. This creates a surplus of empty containers in some areas and a shortage in others, forcing trucks and ships to reposition empty equipment.
• Port and regional mismatches: Research from Chalmers University of Technology shows that empty trips cluster heavily around major import ports (where incoming loaded containers outnumber outgoing exports). Trucks unloading imports often have to drive back or move elsewhere without a return payload.
• Lack of coordination and information sharing: Trucking companies, freight forwarders, shipping lines, terminals, and cargo owners frequently plan shipments independently. Without shared data platforms or aligned schedules, it is difficult to match an empty container or truck with a nearby return load.
• Mismatched container specifications: Even when cargo is available, an empty container may be the wrong size, in the wrong structural condition, lack specific equipment (such as refrigeration), or be restricted by ownership and contract terms that prevent other supply chain actors from using it.
• Shorter redirection distances: Data shows empty trips are often shorter than loaded ones because hauliers actively redirect trucks to minimize the distance traveled without cargo, rather than waiting for a distant match












